Monday, August 16, 2010
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Friday, August 6, 2010
STRESSES IN BEAMS
Introduction
A normally loaded beam is subject to both bending and shear forces. The standard equations for stress and strain for beams (flexure formulae) generally only consider the bending stresses and strains. The shear stresses are not considered. For normal engineering applications the bending equations are valid if shear forces are present or not. The notes below relate to the evaluation of shear stresses present in a beam subject to bending and shear forces.
Nomenclature
A= Section area (m2)
A'= Section area of beam between y1 and outer surface(m2)
e = strain
σ = direct stress (N/m2)
τ = shear stress (N/m2)
E = Young's Modulus = σ /e (N/m2)
y = distance of surface from neutral surface (m).
R = Radius of neutral axis (m).
I = Moment of Inertia (m4 - more normally cm4)
Z = section modulus = I/ymax(m3 - more normally cm3)
M = Moment (Nm)
w = Distributed load on beam (kg/m) or (N/m as force units)
W = total load on beam (kg ) or (N as force units)
F= Concentrated force on beam (N)
S = Shear Force on Section (N)
L = length of beam (m)
x = distance along beam (m)
Fa, Fb,Fc Force in horizontal direction. ( N )
Q = First Moment of area of A' about neutral axis of section(m3)
Shear stresses
Consider a portion of a beam subject to a moment and a shear force. The beam is assumed to be of rectangular section of uniform width b.
To get the the horizontal forces at a and b.
Calculating the resultant shear force and stress.
The integral is actually the first moment of area of the vertical face above y1 abut the section neutral axis. For these notes this moment is designated Q
Therefore based on the specific definitions of Q and b relative to y1 the shear stress at any value of y1 is given by .
Now considering the stress distribution in a rectangular beam subject to shear loading and bending.
It is clear from the above notes that for a beam subject to shear loading and bending the maximum shear stress is at the neutral axis and reduces to zero at the the outer surfaces wher y1 = ± c . For this section the maximum stress is equal to 3/2 the average shear stress = S / A .
The maximum shear stress in other sections are shown below
The notes above relate to plane stress and the following figure extracted from my notes on Mohr's circle Mohr's circle illustrate that, to maintain equilibrium, the horizontal shear stress i.e τ yx is equal to the vertical shear stress i.e .τ xyat the same point.
Example. Showing how the shear stress can have an impact on a bending moment calculation is provided below..The maximum bending stress occurs at x = 100mm.
The effect of the shear stress is maximised at y1 = 45mm. The section under consideration is a hollow square section 100mm square with wall thickness = 5mm. Note the corner radii are ignored to simplify the calculation.
The notes provided on the above identified Mohr's circle webpage show how to determine the principal stresses σ 1 and σ 2 from the direct and shear stresses at a point.
Applying these equations to obtain the relevant principal stresses
It is clear from this example that the shear stresses can under some circumstances affect the design stress for a beam.. In most cases however the effect is minimal..
Wednesday, June 16, 2010
Fluid Mechanics
By definition, a fluid is a material continuum that is unable to withstand a static shear stress. Unlike an elastic solid which responds to a shear stress with a recoverable deformation, a fluid responds with an irrecoverable flow.
Variables needed to define a fluid and its environment are:
Quantity Symbol Object Units
pressure p scalar N/m2
velocity v vector m/s
density r scalar kg/m3
viscosity m scalar kg/m-s
body force b vector N/kg
time t scalar s
Examples of fluids include gases and liquids. Typically, liquids are considered to be incompressible, whereas gases are considered to be compressible. However, there are exceptions in everyday engineering applications.
Types of Flow; Reynolds Number
Fluid flow can be either laminar or turbulent. The factor that determines which type of flow is present is the ratio of inertia forces to viscous forces within the fluid, expressed by the nondimensional Reynolds Number,
where V and D are a fluid characteristic velocity and distance. For example, for fluid flowing in a pipe, V could be the average fluid velocity, and D would be the pipe diameter.
Typically, viscous stresses within a fluid tend to stabilize and organize the flow, whereas excessive fluid inertia tends to disrupt organized flow leading to chaotic turbulent behavior.
Fluid flows are laminar for Reynolds Numbers up to 2000. Beyond a Reynolds Number of 4000, the flow is completely turbulent. Between 2000 and 4000, the flow is in transition between laminar and turbulent, and it is possible to find subregions of both flow types within a given flow field.
Governing Equations
Laminar fluid flow is described by the Navier-Stokes equations. For cases of inviscid flow, the Bernoulli equation can be used to describe the flow. When the flow is zero (i.e. statics), the fluid is governed by the laws of fluid statics.
Open Channel FlowThe Manning Equation is the most commonly used equation to analyze open channel flows. The Manning Equation is utilized in our open channel design calculations - Design of Circular Culverts, Design of Rectangular Channels, and Design of Trapezoidal Channels. It is a semi-empirical equation for simulating water flows in channels and culverts where the water is open to the atmosphere, i.e. not flowing under pressure, and was first presented in 1889 by Robert Manning. The channel can be any shape - circular, rectangular, triangular, etc. The units in the Manning equation appear to be inconsistent; however, the value k has hidden units in it to make the equation consistent. The Manning Equation was developed for uniform steady state flow. Uniform means that the channel is prismatic. Prismatic means the channel has constant dimensions (including depth) along its length. Steady state means the flowrate, velocity, and everything else are constant with time. In reality no flow can be uniform and steady. However, for individual channel reaches (e.g. one mile of a 200 mile river) the assumptions may be fairly well achieved. The Manning Equation is also used successfully to simulate "gradually varied flow" where the channel is not prismatic. In this case, S is the slope of the energy grade line. For prismatic flows, S is the slope of the hydraulic grade line which is the slope of the water surface and is the same as the slope of the channel bottom.
Flows Under Pressure (Closed Conduits, Pipes)
This blog has two comprehensive calculations for simulating steady flows under pressure - Design of Circular Water Pipes and Design of Circular Liquid or Gas Pipes. We also have a water hammer calculation that predicts pressures during transient conditions due to closing or opening a valve. In addition, we have calculations for flow measurement using orifices, nozzles, and venturi meters. The website also has several smaller calculations which solve individual portions of the energy equation; these smaller calculations are linked in the following paragraph.
The energy equation represents elevation, pressure, and velocity forms of energy. The energy equation for a fluid moving in a closed conduit is written between two locations at a distance (length) L apart. Energy losses for flow through ducts and pipes consist of major losses and minor losses. Major losses are due to friction between the moving fluid and the inside walls of the duct. Minor losses are due to fittings such as valves and elbows. Major losses are computed using either the Darcy-Weisbach friction loss equation (which utilizes the Moody friction factor) or the Hazen-Williams friction loss equation. The Darcy-Weisbach method is generally considered more accurate than the Hazen-Williams method. Additionally, the Darcy-Weisbach method is valid for any liquid or gas; Hazen-Williams is only valid for water at ordinary temperatures (40 to 75 oF). The Hazen-Williams method is very popular, especially among civil engineers, since its friction coefficient (C) is not a function of velocity or duct (pipe) diameter. Hazen-Williams is simpler than Darcy-Weisbach for calculations where you are solving for flowrate, velocity, or diameter.
Saturday, April 17, 2010
genocide
What is Genocide?
'Genocide,’ consisting of the Greek ‘genos’ (race or tribe) plus the Latin ‘cide’ (killing). Many of these definitions assume some level of moral baggage, attempting to widen the definition to cover as many human-made horrors as possible. The word ‘genocide’ in common usage certainly does carry with it a special moral revulsion; but the purpose of different words is to denote fundamentally different phenomena, a purpose defeated at the expense of understanding if a word represents too wide a variety of meanings. Even on the moral front, a definition limited by theory rather than anger helps to illuminate the many facets of evil in the world: after all, is genocide really necessarily more morally reprehensible than mass killing of other types? Although more people are generally killed in a genocide than in another type of massacre, numbers should not inform morality. The United Nations Genocide Convention, adopted in 1948, defines genocide as any of a list of specific ‘acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group as such.’ These acts include outright killing and infliction on the group of ‘serious bodily or mental harm [or] conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part,’ as well as the imposition of ‘measures intended to prevent births within the group’ or the forced transfer of group children to other groups.Let's face it, genocide and mass murder occur in Nationstates very often, more often occuring in International Incidents, seeing as such an event would classify as an "International Incident". One thing that a lot of the people who actually commit is the serious side-effects of the population when a genocide occurs within their nations. In this thread, I'll go over exactly what happens during a genocide, as well as life after the horrible event that happened.Why Do Genocides Occur?(Note: I'm not looking for a debate over the specifics of these genocides, only trying to present a point on why they occur)There are many reasons why genocides occur. I'll use some RL examples. For example, in Germany, the government blamed the economic state of the nation on the Jewish population, and proceeded to take it out on them. Hitler himself had a strong hatred for Jews. The Germans also executed political opponents such as Communists, and went as far as executing gypsies and homosexual men and women. They felt that the Aryan race was destined to be the superior race and they did all that they could to prevent political opponents from taking over.In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin wanted the Ukraine to remain a part of the nation, so he developed methods of keeping the country at bay:the Effects of Genocide on a PopulaceThe Trauma that the population goes through during and after a genocide is immense. The fact of the matter is that genocide brings fear to every humans' heart, seeing as a group is trying to systematically wipe an entire race/people off of the planet. The psychological effects it has on your brain is enough to completely alter the way a person thinks and the way that they live life, for the rest of their time on Earth. The effects of a genocide, especially after it has occurred is of massive distrust, especially between those who committed the crimes, those who were the targets, as well as those who are citizens of that country. If there is no trust within a specific area, between two groups of people, then clashes are almost inevitable, especially if each is always suspicious of the other group. For example, the Armenians and the Turks still have a large distrust of each other after the genocide that occured. Political relations between Armenia and Turkey have remained cold.
'Genocide,’ consisting of the Greek ‘genos’ (race or tribe) plus the Latin ‘cide’ (killing). Many of these definitions assume some level of moral baggage, attempting to widen the definition to cover as many human-made horrors as possible. The word ‘genocide’ in common usage certainly does carry with it a special moral revulsion; but the purpose of different words is to denote fundamentally different phenomena, a purpose defeated at the expense of understanding if a word represents too wide a variety of meanings. Even on the moral front, a definition limited by theory rather than anger helps to illuminate the many facets of evil in the world: after all, is genocide really necessarily more morally reprehensible than mass killing of other types? Although more people are generally killed in a genocide than in another type of massacre, numbers should not inform morality. The United Nations Genocide Convention, adopted in 1948, defines genocide as any of a list of specific ‘acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group as such.’ These acts include outright killing and infliction on the group of ‘serious bodily or mental harm [or] conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part,’ as well as the imposition of ‘measures intended to prevent births within the group’ or the forced transfer of group children to other groups.Let's face it, genocide and mass murder occur in Nationstates very often, more often occuring in International Incidents, seeing as such an event would classify as an "International Incident". One thing that a lot of the people who actually commit is the serious side-effects of the population when a genocide occurs within their nations. In this thread, I'll go over exactly what happens during a genocide, as well as life after the horrible event that happened.Why Do Genocides Occur?(Note: I'm not looking for a debate over the specifics of these genocides, only trying to present a point on why they occur)There are many reasons why genocides occur. I'll use some RL examples. For example, in Germany, the government blamed the economic state of the nation on the Jewish population, and proceeded to take it out on them. Hitler himself had a strong hatred for Jews. The Germans also executed political opponents such as Communists, and went as far as executing gypsies and homosexual men and women. They felt that the Aryan race was destined to be the superior race and they did all that they could to prevent political opponents from taking over.In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin wanted the Ukraine to remain a part of the nation, so he developed methods of keeping the country at bay:the Effects of Genocide on a PopulaceThe Trauma that the population goes through during and after a genocide is immense. The fact of the matter is that genocide brings fear to every humans' heart, seeing as a group is trying to systematically wipe an entire race/people off of the planet. The psychological effects it has on your brain is enough to completely alter the way a person thinks and the way that they live life, for the rest of their time on Earth. The effects of a genocide, especially after it has occurred is of massive distrust, especially between those who committed the crimes, those who were the targets, as well as those who are citizens of that country. If there is no trust within a specific area, between two groups of people, then clashes are almost inevitable, especially if each is always suspicious of the other group. For example, the Armenians and the Turks still have a large distrust of each other after the genocide that occured. Political relations between Armenia and Turkey have remained cold.
THE SILENT KILLER;CANCER
What Is Cancer?
The body is made up of hundreds of millions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells. Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth. Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell. Cells become cancer cells because of damage to DNA. DNA is in every cell and directs all its actions. In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the cell dies. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, but the cell doesn't die like it should. Instead, this cell goes on making new cells that the body does not need. These new cells will all have the same damaged DNA as the first cell does. People can inherit damaged DNA, but most DNA damage is caused by mistakes that happen while the normal cell is reproducing or by something in our environment. Sometimes the cause of the DNA damage is something obvious, like cigarette smoking. But often no clear cause is found. In most cases the cancer cells form a tumor. Some cancers, like leukemia, rarely form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow. Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body, where they begin to grow and form new tumors that replace normal tissue. This process is called metastasis. It happens when the cancer cells get into the bloodstream or lymph vessels of our body. No matter where a cancer may spread, it is always named for the place where it started. For example, breast cancer that has spread to the liver is still called breast cancer, not liver cancer. Likewise, prostate cancer that has spread to the bone is metastatic prostate cancer, not bone cancer. Different types of cancer can behave very differently. For example, lung cancer and breast cancer are very different diseases. They grow at different rates and respond to different treatments. That is why people with cancer need treatment that is aimed at their particular kind of cancer. Not all tumors are cancerous. Tumors that aren't cancer are called benign. Benign tumors can cause problems -- they can grow very large and press on healthy organs and tissues. But they cannot grow into (invade) other tissues. Because they can't invade, they also can't spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). These tumors are almost never life threatening.
Who Gets Cancer?
Over one million people get cancer each year. About 1 out of every 2 American men and 1 out of every 3 American women will have some type of cancer at some point during their lifetime. Anyone can get cancer at any age; but about 77% of all cancers are diagnosed in people age of 55 and older. Cancer can be found in Americans of all racial and ethnic groups, but the rate of cancer occurrence (called the incidence rate) varies from group to group.
Today, millions of people are living with cancer or have been cured of the disease. The sooner a cancer is found and the sooner treatment begins, the better a patient's chances are of a cure. That's why early detection of cancer is such an important weapon in the fight against cancer.
What Are the Risk Factors for Cancer?
Smoking and drinking alcohol cause some people to get certaintypes of cancer. All cancers caused by cigarette smoking and heavy use of alcohol could be prevented completely. The best thing is to never use tobacco at all. Cigarettes, cigars, pipes and smokeless tobacco all cause cancer and should not be used. People who already smoke should try to quit -- we know that former smokers have less risk of cancer than do people who continue to smoke.
Many of the more than 1 million skin cancers that are diagnosed every year could have been prevented by protecting the skin from the sun's rays and avoiding indoor tanning. The chances of getting skin cancer can be lowered by staying in the shade as much as you can, wearing a hat and shirt when you are in the sun, and using sunscreen.
About one third of the cancer deaths expected every year are related to nutrition, overweight or obesity, and physical inactivity, and thus could also be prevented. We know that our diet, (what we eat) is linked to some types of cancer, but the exact reasons are not yet clear. The best advice is to eat a lot of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains like pasta and bread, and limit foods high in saturated fat, like high-fat dairy products, processed meats (like bacon, hot dogs, and luncheon meats), and red meats. It is also important to get to and stay at a healthy weight and get at least 30 to 45 minutes of physical activity on at least 5 days per week. You can get more information on this in our document, American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention.
Certain cancers are related to infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papilloma virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and others. Many of these could be prevented through behavioral changes, vaccines, or antibiotics.
There is no way to prevent most cancers, but the best plan is to avoid risk factors you can control and make healthy lifestyle choices. Also see the section, "Cancer screening and early detection" for more information on things you can do to prevent cancer.
What Are the Risk Factors for Cancer?
Smoking and drinking alcohol cause some people to get certaintypes of cancer. All cancers caused by cigarette smoking and heavy use of alcohol could be prevented completely. The best thing is to never use tobacco at all. Cigarettes, cigars, pipes and smokeless tobacco all cause cancer and should not be used. People who already smoke should try to quit -- we know that former smokers have less risk of cancer than do people who continue to smoke.
Many of the more than 1 million skin cancers that are diagnosed every year could have been prevented by protecting the skin from the sun's rays and avoiding indoor tanning. The chances of getting skin cancer can be lowered by staying in the shade as much as you can, wearing a hat and shirt when you are in the sun, and using sunscreen.
About one third of the cancer deaths expected every year are related to nutrition, overweight or obesity, and physical inactivity, and thus could also be prevented. We know that our diet, (what we eat) is linked to some types of cancer, but the exact reasons are not yet clear. The best advice is to eat a lot of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains like pasta and bread, and limit foods high in saturated fat, like high-fat dairy products, processed meats (like bacon, hot dogs, and luncheon meats), and red meats. It is also important to get to and stay at a healthy weight and get at least 30 to 45 minutes of physical activity on at least 5 days per week. You can get more information on this in our document, American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention.
Certain cancers are related to infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papilloma virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and others. Many of these could be prevented through behavioral changes, vaccines, or antibiotics.
There is no way to prevent most cancers, but the best plan is to avoid risk factors you can control and make healthy lifestyle choices. Also see the section, "Cancer screening and early detection" for more information on things you can do to prevent cancer.
What Causes Cancer?
Some kinds of cancer are caused by things people do. For example, smoking causes cancers of the lungs, mouth, throat, bladder, kidneys and some other organs, as well as heart disease and stroke. While not everyone who smokes will get cancer, smoking increases a person's chance of getting the disease. Drinking a lot of alcohol has also been shown to increase a person's chance of getting cancer of the mouth, throat, and some other organs. This is especially true if the person drinks and smokes.
Radiation (x-rays) can cause cancer. But the x-rays used by the doctor or dentist are safe. Too much exposure to sunlight without any protection can cause skin cancer.
Certain inherited DNA changes can increase the risk for developing some cancers and are responsible for the cancers that run in some families. For example, the BRCA genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) are tumor suppressor genes -- they keep tumors from growing. Changes (mutations) in these genes can be passed on (inherited) from parents. When they are mutated, they no longer suppress abnormal growth, and cancer is more likely to develop.
But in most cases, the exact cause of cancer remains a mystery. We know that certain changes in our cells can cause cancer to start, but we don't yet know exactly how this happens. Many scientists are studying this problem.
Cancer Screening and Early Detection
There are tests, called screening tests, which adults should have in order to find cancers at an early stage when they are most treatable. Screening can prevent cancers of the cervix, colon, and rectum by allowing doctors to take out pre-cancerous tissue before it becomes cancer. Screening can also detect cancers of the breast, colon, rectum, cervix, prostate, oral cavity, and skin at early stages. For most of these cancers, early detection has been shown to reduce the number of deaths caused by cancer.
Cancers that can be prevented or detected earlier by screening account for at least half of all new cancer cases. For complete information on cancer screening and early detection please see our document, American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer.
Signs and Symptoms of Cancer
What are signs and symptoms?
A symptom is a signal of disease, illness, injury, or that something is not right in the body. Symptoms are felt or noticed by the person who has them, but may not be easily seen by anyone else. For example, chills, weakness, aches, and feeling short of breath may be symptoms of pneumonia.
A sign is also a signal that something is not right in the body. But signs are signals that can be seen by a doctor, nurse, or other health care professional. Fever, fast breathing, and abnormal breathing sounds heard through a stethoscope may be signs of pneumonia.
Having one symptom or sign may not be enough to figure out what's causing it. For example, a rash in a child could be a sign of a number of things, such as poison ivy, an infectious disease like measles, a skin infection, or a food allergy. But if the child has the rash along with other signs and symptoms like a high fever, chills, achiness, and a sore throat, then a doctor can get a better picture of the illness. In many cases, a patient's signs and symptoms alone do not give the doctor enough clues to figure out the cause of an illness. Then medical tests, such as x-rays, blood tests, or a biopsy may be needed.
How does cancer cause signs and symptoms?
Cancer is a group of diseases that may cause almost any sign or symptom. The signs and symptoms will depend on where the cancer is, how big it is, and how much it affects nearby organs or tissues. If a cancer has spread (metastasized), symptoms may appear in different parts of the body.
As a cancer grows, it can begin to push on nearby organs, blood vessels, and nerves. This pressure creates some of the signs and symptoms of cancer. If the cancer is in a critical area, such as certain parts of the brain, even the smallest tumor can cause early symptoms.
But sometimes cancer starts in places where it will not cause any symptoms until it has grown quite large. Pancreas cancers, for example, do not usually grow large enough to be felt from the outside of the body. Some pancreatic cancers do not cause symptoms until they begin to grow around nearby nerves (this causes a backache). Others grow around the bile duct and block the flow of bile. This causes a yellowing of the eyes and skin called jaundice. By the time a pancreatic cancer causes these signs or symptoms, it is usually in an advanced stage. This means it has grown and spread beyond the place it started – the pancreas.
A cancer may also cause symptoms like fever, extreme tiredness (fatigue), or weight loss. This may be because cancer cells use up much of the body’s energy supply, or they may release substances that change the way the body makes energy from food. Or the cancer may cause the immune system to react in ways that produce these symptoms.
Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms which are not usually linked to cancer. For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances which cause blood clots in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers make hormone-like substances that raise blood calcium levels. This affects nerves and muscles, making the person feel weak and dizzy.
How are signs and symptoms helpful?
Treatment is most successful when cancer is found as early as possible. Finding cancer early usually means it can be treated while it is still small and is less likely to have spread to other parts of the body. This often means a better chance for a cure, especially if the cancer can be removed with surgery.
A good example of the importance of finding cancer early is melanoma skin cancer. Skin cancer can be easy to remove if it has not grown deep into the skin. The 5-year survival rate (percentage of people living at least 5 years after diagnosis) at this stage is nearly 100%. Once melanoma has spread to other parts of the body, the 5-year survival rate drops below 20%.
Sometimes people ignore symptoms. They may not know that symptoms could mean something is wrong. Or they may be frightened by what the symptoms might mean and don't want to get medical help. Some symptoms, such as tiredness, are more likely to have a cause other than cancer and can seem unimportant, especially if there is an obvious cause or the problem only lasts a short time. In the same way, a person may reason that a symptom like a breast lump is probably a cyst that will go away by itself. But no symptom should be ignored or overlooked, especially if it has been there for a long time or is getting worse.
Most likely, any symptoms you may have will not be caused by cancer, but it’s important to have them checked out by a doctor, just in case. If cancer is not the cause, a doctor can help figure out what is and treat it, if needed.
Sometimes, it is possible to find cancer before you have symptoms. The American Cancer Society and other health groups recommend cancer-related check-ups and certain tests for people even though they have no symptoms. This helps find certain cancers early, before symptoms occur. For more information on early detection tests, see our document, American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer
How Is Cancer Diagnosed?
A patient's signs and symptoms are not enough to know whether or not cancer is present. If your doctor suspects cancer you will probably need to have more tests done, such as x-rays, blood tests, or a biopsy. In most cases a biopsy is the only way to tell for sure whether or not cancer is present.
To do a biopsy a piece of the lump or abnormal area is taken out and sent to the lab. There a pathologist (a doctor who specializes in diagnosing diseases) looks at the tissue under a microscope to see if it contains cancer cells. If there are cancer cells the doctor tries to figure out exactly what type of cancer it is and whether it is likely to grow slowly or more quickly.
Scans can measure the size of the cancer and whether it has spread to nearby tissues. Blood tests can tell doctors about your overall health and can show how well your organs are working.
What Is Staging?
Staging is the process of finding out how much cancer there is in the body and where it is located. Staging the cancer is a key step in deciding on your best treatment choices. It also gives your health care team an idea of your outlook (prognosis).
Staging can take time, and people are usually anxious to begin treatment right away. Do not worry that the staging process is taking up treatment time. In most cases it is OK because by staging the cancer, you and your health care team will know which treatments are likely to work best. For more information, please see Staging.
How Is Cancer Treated?
The number of treatment choices you have will depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, and other factors such as your age, health status, and personal preferences. You are a key part of your cancer care team -- you should talk to them about which treatment choices are best for you. Don't be afraid to ask questions. Make sure you understand your options. A cancer diagnosis often makes people feel like they have to hurry to make choices about treatment and services. But take time to look at all the options available to you so you will be as well informed as possible.
The 3 major types of treatment for cancer are surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Depending on the type and stage of the cancer, 2 or more of these types of treatment may be combined at the same time or used after one another.
After the cancer is found and staged, your cancer care team will discuss your treatment options with you. It is important to take time and think about your possible choices. In choosing a treatment plan, one of the most important factors is the stage of the cancer. Other factors to consider include your overall health, the likely side effects of the treatment, and the probability of curing the disease, extending life, or relieving symptoms.
In considering your treatment options it is often a good idea to seek a second opinion, if possible. This may give you more information and help you feel more confident about the treatment plan you have chosen. It is also important to know that your chances for having the best possible outcome are highest in the hands of a medical team that is experienced in treating the type of cancer you have.
What treatment will be best for me?
Your cancer treatment will be based on your unique situation. Certain types of cancer respond very differently to different types of treatment, so figuring out the type of cancer is a key step toward knowing which treatments will work best. The cancer's stage (how widespread it is) will also determine the best course of treatment. This is because early-stage cancers respond better to different treatments than later-stage ones. Your overall health, your lifestyle, and your personal preferences will also play a part in deciding which treatment options are best for you. Not all types of treatment will work well in your situation, so be sure that you understand your options. Don't be afraid to ask questions; it is your right to know what treatments are most likely to help you and what their side effects may be.
Before making treatment decisions, ask about and be sure you understand the goal of treatment in your situation. Is the purpose of the treatment to cure the cancer, keep it under control, or treat the problems it is causing? Know that the goal of treatment can change over time, so you may need to ask about this again at some point.
Cancer Treatment Side Effects
Cancer treatment can cause many different side effects. The kinds of side effects depend mostly on the type of treatment used. Side effects vary from patient to patient. Some people have no side effects at all, while others have quite a few. This is because every person responds to treatment differently. There is no way to predict who might or might not have side effects.
Many side effects of treatment can be managed or treated. And most side effects go away over time. In the meantime, there are ways to reduce the discomfort they may cause. Tell your doctor or nurse about any side effects you notice so they can help you manage them. But your doctor and nurse are the best people to talk to you about your treatment, side effects, and any other medical concerns you may have.
The body is made up of hundreds of millions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells. Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth. Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell. Cells become cancer cells because of damage to DNA. DNA is in every cell and directs all its actions. In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the cell dies. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, but the cell doesn't die like it should. Instead, this cell goes on making new cells that the body does not need. These new cells will all have the same damaged DNA as the first cell does. People can inherit damaged DNA, but most DNA damage is caused by mistakes that happen while the normal cell is reproducing or by something in our environment. Sometimes the cause of the DNA damage is something obvious, like cigarette smoking. But often no clear cause is found. In most cases the cancer cells form a tumor. Some cancers, like leukemia, rarely form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow. Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body, where they begin to grow and form new tumors that replace normal tissue. This process is called metastasis. It happens when the cancer cells get into the bloodstream or lymph vessels of our body. No matter where a cancer may spread, it is always named for the place where it started. For example, breast cancer that has spread to the liver is still called breast cancer, not liver cancer. Likewise, prostate cancer that has spread to the bone is metastatic prostate cancer, not bone cancer. Different types of cancer can behave very differently. For example, lung cancer and breast cancer are very different diseases. They grow at different rates and respond to different treatments. That is why people with cancer need treatment that is aimed at their particular kind of cancer. Not all tumors are cancerous. Tumors that aren't cancer are called benign. Benign tumors can cause problems -- they can grow very large and press on healthy organs and tissues. But they cannot grow into (invade) other tissues. Because they can't invade, they also can't spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). These tumors are almost never life threatening.
Who Gets Cancer?
Over one million people get cancer each year. About 1 out of every 2 American men and 1 out of every 3 American women will have some type of cancer at some point during their lifetime. Anyone can get cancer at any age; but about 77% of all cancers are diagnosed in people age of 55 and older. Cancer can be found in Americans of all racial and ethnic groups, but the rate of cancer occurrence (called the incidence rate) varies from group to group.
Today, millions of people are living with cancer or have been cured of the disease. The sooner a cancer is found and the sooner treatment begins, the better a patient's chances are of a cure. That's why early detection of cancer is such an important weapon in the fight against cancer.
What Are the Risk Factors for Cancer?
Smoking and drinking alcohol cause some people to get certaintypes of cancer. All cancers caused by cigarette smoking and heavy use of alcohol could be prevented completely. The best thing is to never use tobacco at all. Cigarettes, cigars, pipes and smokeless tobacco all cause cancer and should not be used. People who already smoke should try to quit -- we know that former smokers have less risk of cancer than do people who continue to smoke.
Many of the more than 1 million skin cancers that are diagnosed every year could have been prevented by protecting the skin from the sun's rays and avoiding indoor tanning. The chances of getting skin cancer can be lowered by staying in the shade as much as you can, wearing a hat and shirt when you are in the sun, and using sunscreen.
About one third of the cancer deaths expected every year are related to nutrition, overweight or obesity, and physical inactivity, and thus could also be prevented. We know that our diet, (what we eat) is linked to some types of cancer, but the exact reasons are not yet clear. The best advice is to eat a lot of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains like pasta and bread, and limit foods high in saturated fat, like high-fat dairy products, processed meats (like bacon, hot dogs, and luncheon meats), and red meats. It is also important to get to and stay at a healthy weight and get at least 30 to 45 minutes of physical activity on at least 5 days per week. You can get more information on this in our document, American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention.
Certain cancers are related to infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papilloma virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and others. Many of these could be prevented through behavioral changes, vaccines, or antibiotics.
There is no way to prevent most cancers, but the best plan is to avoid risk factors you can control and make healthy lifestyle choices. Also see the section, "Cancer screening and early detection" for more information on things you can do to prevent cancer.
What Are the Risk Factors for Cancer?
Smoking and drinking alcohol cause some people to get certaintypes of cancer. All cancers caused by cigarette smoking and heavy use of alcohol could be prevented completely. The best thing is to never use tobacco at all. Cigarettes, cigars, pipes and smokeless tobacco all cause cancer and should not be used. People who already smoke should try to quit -- we know that former smokers have less risk of cancer than do people who continue to smoke.
Many of the more than 1 million skin cancers that are diagnosed every year could have been prevented by protecting the skin from the sun's rays and avoiding indoor tanning. The chances of getting skin cancer can be lowered by staying in the shade as much as you can, wearing a hat and shirt when you are in the sun, and using sunscreen.
About one third of the cancer deaths expected every year are related to nutrition, overweight or obesity, and physical inactivity, and thus could also be prevented. We know that our diet, (what we eat) is linked to some types of cancer, but the exact reasons are not yet clear. The best advice is to eat a lot of fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains like pasta and bread, and limit foods high in saturated fat, like high-fat dairy products, processed meats (like bacon, hot dogs, and luncheon meats), and red meats. It is also important to get to and stay at a healthy weight and get at least 30 to 45 minutes of physical activity on at least 5 days per week. You can get more information on this in our document, American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention.
Certain cancers are related to infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papilloma virus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and others. Many of these could be prevented through behavioral changes, vaccines, or antibiotics.
There is no way to prevent most cancers, but the best plan is to avoid risk factors you can control and make healthy lifestyle choices. Also see the section, "Cancer screening and early detection" for more information on things you can do to prevent cancer.
What Causes Cancer?
Some kinds of cancer are caused by things people do. For example, smoking causes cancers of the lungs, mouth, throat, bladder, kidneys and some other organs, as well as heart disease and stroke. While not everyone who smokes will get cancer, smoking increases a person's chance of getting the disease. Drinking a lot of alcohol has also been shown to increase a person's chance of getting cancer of the mouth, throat, and some other organs. This is especially true if the person drinks and smokes.
Radiation (x-rays) can cause cancer. But the x-rays used by the doctor or dentist are safe. Too much exposure to sunlight without any protection can cause skin cancer.
Certain inherited DNA changes can increase the risk for developing some cancers and are responsible for the cancers that run in some families. For example, the BRCA genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) are tumor suppressor genes -- they keep tumors from growing. Changes (mutations) in these genes can be passed on (inherited) from parents. When they are mutated, they no longer suppress abnormal growth, and cancer is more likely to develop.
But in most cases, the exact cause of cancer remains a mystery. We know that certain changes in our cells can cause cancer to start, but we don't yet know exactly how this happens. Many scientists are studying this problem.
Cancer Screening and Early Detection
There are tests, called screening tests, which adults should have in order to find cancers at an early stage when they are most treatable. Screening can prevent cancers of the cervix, colon, and rectum by allowing doctors to take out pre-cancerous tissue before it becomes cancer. Screening can also detect cancers of the breast, colon, rectum, cervix, prostate, oral cavity, and skin at early stages. For most of these cancers, early detection has been shown to reduce the number of deaths caused by cancer.
Cancers that can be prevented or detected earlier by screening account for at least half of all new cancer cases. For complete information on cancer screening and early detection please see our document, American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer.
Signs and Symptoms of Cancer
What are signs and symptoms?
A symptom is a signal of disease, illness, injury, or that something is not right in the body. Symptoms are felt or noticed by the person who has them, but may not be easily seen by anyone else. For example, chills, weakness, aches, and feeling short of breath may be symptoms of pneumonia.
A sign is also a signal that something is not right in the body. But signs are signals that can be seen by a doctor, nurse, or other health care professional. Fever, fast breathing, and abnormal breathing sounds heard through a stethoscope may be signs of pneumonia.
Having one symptom or sign may not be enough to figure out what's causing it. For example, a rash in a child could be a sign of a number of things, such as poison ivy, an infectious disease like measles, a skin infection, or a food allergy. But if the child has the rash along with other signs and symptoms like a high fever, chills, achiness, and a sore throat, then a doctor can get a better picture of the illness. In many cases, a patient's signs and symptoms alone do not give the doctor enough clues to figure out the cause of an illness. Then medical tests, such as x-rays, blood tests, or a biopsy may be needed.
How does cancer cause signs and symptoms?
Cancer is a group of diseases that may cause almost any sign or symptom. The signs and symptoms will depend on where the cancer is, how big it is, and how much it affects nearby organs or tissues. If a cancer has spread (metastasized), symptoms may appear in different parts of the body.
As a cancer grows, it can begin to push on nearby organs, blood vessels, and nerves. This pressure creates some of the signs and symptoms of cancer. If the cancer is in a critical area, such as certain parts of the brain, even the smallest tumor can cause early symptoms.
But sometimes cancer starts in places where it will not cause any symptoms until it has grown quite large. Pancreas cancers, for example, do not usually grow large enough to be felt from the outside of the body. Some pancreatic cancers do not cause symptoms until they begin to grow around nearby nerves (this causes a backache). Others grow around the bile duct and block the flow of bile. This causes a yellowing of the eyes and skin called jaundice. By the time a pancreatic cancer causes these signs or symptoms, it is usually in an advanced stage. This means it has grown and spread beyond the place it started – the pancreas.
A cancer may also cause symptoms like fever, extreme tiredness (fatigue), or weight loss. This may be because cancer cells use up much of the body’s energy supply, or they may release substances that change the way the body makes energy from food. Or the cancer may cause the immune system to react in ways that produce these symptoms.
Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream that cause symptoms which are not usually linked to cancer. For example, some cancers of the pancreas can release substances which cause blood clots in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers make hormone-like substances that raise blood calcium levels. This affects nerves and muscles, making the person feel weak and dizzy.
How are signs and symptoms helpful?
Treatment is most successful when cancer is found as early as possible. Finding cancer early usually means it can be treated while it is still small and is less likely to have spread to other parts of the body. This often means a better chance for a cure, especially if the cancer can be removed with surgery.
A good example of the importance of finding cancer early is melanoma skin cancer. Skin cancer can be easy to remove if it has not grown deep into the skin. The 5-year survival rate (percentage of people living at least 5 years after diagnosis) at this stage is nearly 100%. Once melanoma has spread to other parts of the body, the 5-year survival rate drops below 20%.
Sometimes people ignore symptoms. They may not know that symptoms could mean something is wrong. Or they may be frightened by what the symptoms might mean and don't want to get medical help. Some symptoms, such as tiredness, are more likely to have a cause other than cancer and can seem unimportant, especially if there is an obvious cause or the problem only lasts a short time. In the same way, a person may reason that a symptom like a breast lump is probably a cyst that will go away by itself. But no symptom should be ignored or overlooked, especially if it has been there for a long time or is getting worse.
Most likely, any symptoms you may have will not be caused by cancer, but it’s important to have them checked out by a doctor, just in case. If cancer is not the cause, a doctor can help figure out what is and treat it, if needed.
Sometimes, it is possible to find cancer before you have symptoms. The American Cancer Society and other health groups recommend cancer-related check-ups and certain tests for people even though they have no symptoms. This helps find certain cancers early, before symptoms occur. For more information on early detection tests, see our document, American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer
How Is Cancer Diagnosed?
A patient's signs and symptoms are not enough to know whether or not cancer is present. If your doctor suspects cancer you will probably need to have more tests done, such as x-rays, blood tests, or a biopsy. In most cases a biopsy is the only way to tell for sure whether or not cancer is present.
To do a biopsy a piece of the lump or abnormal area is taken out and sent to the lab. There a pathologist (a doctor who specializes in diagnosing diseases) looks at the tissue under a microscope to see if it contains cancer cells. If there are cancer cells the doctor tries to figure out exactly what type of cancer it is and whether it is likely to grow slowly or more quickly.
Scans can measure the size of the cancer and whether it has spread to nearby tissues. Blood tests can tell doctors about your overall health and can show how well your organs are working.
What Is Staging?
Staging is the process of finding out how much cancer there is in the body and where it is located. Staging the cancer is a key step in deciding on your best treatment choices. It also gives your health care team an idea of your outlook (prognosis).
Staging can take time, and people are usually anxious to begin treatment right away. Do not worry that the staging process is taking up treatment time. In most cases it is OK because by staging the cancer, you and your health care team will know which treatments are likely to work best. For more information, please see Staging.
How Is Cancer Treated?
The number of treatment choices you have will depend on the type of cancer, the stage of the cancer, and other factors such as your age, health status, and personal preferences. You are a key part of your cancer care team -- you should talk to them about which treatment choices are best for you. Don't be afraid to ask questions. Make sure you understand your options. A cancer diagnosis often makes people feel like they have to hurry to make choices about treatment and services. But take time to look at all the options available to you so you will be as well informed as possible.
The 3 major types of treatment for cancer are surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Depending on the type and stage of the cancer, 2 or more of these types of treatment may be combined at the same time or used after one another.
After the cancer is found and staged, your cancer care team will discuss your treatment options with you. It is important to take time and think about your possible choices. In choosing a treatment plan, one of the most important factors is the stage of the cancer. Other factors to consider include your overall health, the likely side effects of the treatment, and the probability of curing the disease, extending life, or relieving symptoms.
In considering your treatment options it is often a good idea to seek a second opinion, if possible. This may give you more information and help you feel more confident about the treatment plan you have chosen. It is also important to know that your chances for having the best possible outcome are highest in the hands of a medical team that is experienced in treating the type of cancer you have.
What treatment will be best for me?
Your cancer treatment will be based on your unique situation. Certain types of cancer respond very differently to different types of treatment, so figuring out the type of cancer is a key step toward knowing which treatments will work best. The cancer's stage (how widespread it is) will also determine the best course of treatment. This is because early-stage cancers respond better to different treatments than later-stage ones. Your overall health, your lifestyle, and your personal preferences will also play a part in deciding which treatment options are best for you. Not all types of treatment will work well in your situation, so be sure that you understand your options. Don't be afraid to ask questions; it is your right to know what treatments are most likely to help you and what their side effects may be.
Before making treatment decisions, ask about and be sure you understand the goal of treatment in your situation. Is the purpose of the treatment to cure the cancer, keep it under control, or treat the problems it is causing? Know that the goal of treatment can change over time, so you may need to ask about this again at some point.
Cancer Treatment Side Effects
Cancer treatment can cause many different side effects. The kinds of side effects depend mostly on the type of treatment used. Side effects vary from patient to patient. Some people have no side effects at all, while others have quite a few. This is because every person responds to treatment differently. There is no way to predict who might or might not have side effects.
Many side effects of treatment can be managed or treated. And most side effects go away over time. In the meantime, there are ways to reduce the discomfort they may cause. Tell your doctor or nurse about any side effects you notice so they can help you manage them. But your doctor and nurse are the best people to talk to you about your treatment, side effects, and any other medical concerns you may have.
HOW TO WRITE A WELCOME ADDRESS
AN ADDRESS OF WELCOME PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT,FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA BY PROFESSOR KALU BRIGHT OKEKE(F.ENG) AT THE ALHAJI LIMAN MOHAMMED HALL ON THE OCCASION OF THE PRESIDENT’S FIRST VISIT TO MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE,UMUDIKE ON 30TH NOVEMBER,2009.
Mr President Sir
Your Excellency, the Governor of Abia state,
Deputy Governor,
Honorable ministers,
All other protocols dully observed.
Posterity will record that history was made today, when the president of federal republic of Nigeria, President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua visited us in this university.
The entire universities are particularly happy to welcome Mr. President Sir, it is in recognition of the uniqueness of this occasion and the great esteem in which you are held in the university, that the governing council and the senate of the university have resolved to convene a special occasion today in your honor.
I welcome all the distinguished members of your entourage who are gracing the occasion .Furthermore, Mr. president, my university is indebted to the Governor of the state, Chief Dr T.A. Orji who kindly agreed to accommodate within your crowded itinery,a visit to his university.
More to that, we in this university have followed your progress with keen interest, and cannot help noticing your deep sense of commitment to the task of finding solutions to the problems of this country. We are confident that with your stand on rule of law and sense of justice, air play and equal opportunity for all citizens of this country.In your quest for university development which has already taken great strides following your tireless effort, under immense presence, to restore a great measure of autonomy of our university. Above all, our confidence in the statutory machinery of universities for their internal self governance. Your recent events in our university circle will stand out as a great landmark.
However, it is not left out of your swift response to the cries of our universities for better funding. Although our complain will continue to linger, I believe I will be speaking the mind of other Nigerian universities, if I say that the entire Nigerian university system is grateful to your administration for this visible signs.
Mr. President, it will be absurd not to acquaint you with some challenges which we are facing in this university and crave your indulgence to mention some of them.
Firstly, the university which was founded in 1991 has received little or no assistance from the federal government even though been a federal institution. There are no good qualities of a university, if it has no accessible road leading to the different nooks and crannies of the university. The sight of the roads in the school is an eyesore and a death-trap to the university community.
Secondly, Mr. President, we all believe that growth is the increase in Size. The University has stunted in terms of development and size. The lecture halls which were meant for only a thousand students now take more than two (2) times the original capacity as a result, it makes learning ineffective as many students will be left out.
In addition to that, there is no enough residential accommodation for the students as students travel as far as two (2) miles to get an accommodation thereby endangering the lives of the students that are concerned.
More to that Mr. president, it is true of a general saying that all play and no work makes jack a lazy boy, also all work without a play makes the same jack a dull boy. The university is calling for your help in sitting a recreation park which will help the mental development of students.mr president sir; do you care to know that a federal university of ours cannot boast of a standard football pitch? Mr. President Sir, the need for a residence for the staff of the university is pivotal. A piece of undeveloped land has been acquired some years back, but due to lack of funds, the piece of land remains undeveloped ,much to our embarrassment and discomfort of our staff. We thank you sir ,that you make a special allocation of housing unit to this university, with its rural setting in order to bring about a much needed relief to the various categories of the toiling staff of the university. We on our parts are doing our best .you will find out that in spite of our difficulties, and all odds, this university has made substantial contributions to the progress of this nation generally. We have produced high-level and skilled manpower among who are making waves around the globe. Our graduate stands at two thousand (2000) students per annum.
Moreover, a postgraduate training course is in course to start in the next few months which when completed will help face challenges of your administration.mr president sir, it will interest you to know that as a university of agriculture, food mechanization is our top priority to meet one of your 7-point agenda which is agriculture. Our agricultural mechanization programme will kick off in earnest which when completed will assist to check mate food sustainability. We as a university community ask that you help us through appropriate funding, to make good job of our assignment which we consider very important for this country.
In conclusion and on behalf of the governing council of this university and its senate, I want to thank you Mr. President, for the great honor you have done to this university through this visit of yours. The unavoidable presence of the chairman of our council, Mr. R.K. OGUNBOYO Is deeply felt but his apologies to you I convey and to pledge on his behalf the support and good wishes of himself, the Governing council and the senate of this university.
Finally Mr. president, your excellencies, honorable ministers and commissioners, your lordships, honorable members of houses, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, I thank you for your patience and interest you have shown in the fortunes of this university which by its noble ideas, symbolizes the sustainer of our agricultural need of food security.
Professor Kalu Bright Okeke (F.ENG)
VICE-CHANCELLOR
Mr President Sir
Your Excellency, the Governor of Abia state,
Deputy Governor,
Honorable ministers,
All other protocols dully observed.
Posterity will record that history was made today, when the president of federal republic of Nigeria, President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua visited us in this university.
The entire universities are particularly happy to welcome Mr. President Sir, it is in recognition of the uniqueness of this occasion and the great esteem in which you are held in the university, that the governing council and the senate of the university have resolved to convene a special occasion today in your honor.
I welcome all the distinguished members of your entourage who are gracing the occasion .Furthermore, Mr. president, my university is indebted to the Governor of the state, Chief Dr T.A. Orji who kindly agreed to accommodate within your crowded itinery,a visit to his university.
More to that, we in this university have followed your progress with keen interest, and cannot help noticing your deep sense of commitment to the task of finding solutions to the problems of this country. We are confident that with your stand on rule of law and sense of justice, air play and equal opportunity for all citizens of this country.In your quest for university development which has already taken great strides following your tireless effort, under immense presence, to restore a great measure of autonomy of our university. Above all, our confidence in the statutory machinery of universities for their internal self governance. Your recent events in our university circle will stand out as a great landmark.
However, it is not left out of your swift response to the cries of our universities for better funding. Although our complain will continue to linger, I believe I will be speaking the mind of other Nigerian universities, if I say that the entire Nigerian university system is grateful to your administration for this visible signs.
Mr. President, it will be absurd not to acquaint you with some challenges which we are facing in this university and crave your indulgence to mention some of them.
Firstly, the university which was founded in 1991 has received little or no assistance from the federal government even though been a federal institution. There are no good qualities of a university, if it has no accessible road leading to the different nooks and crannies of the university. The sight of the roads in the school is an eyesore and a death-trap to the university community.
Secondly, Mr. President, we all believe that growth is the increase in Size. The University has stunted in terms of development and size. The lecture halls which were meant for only a thousand students now take more than two (2) times the original capacity as a result, it makes learning ineffective as many students will be left out.
In addition to that, there is no enough residential accommodation for the students as students travel as far as two (2) miles to get an accommodation thereby endangering the lives of the students that are concerned.
More to that Mr. president, it is true of a general saying that all play and no work makes jack a lazy boy, also all work without a play makes the same jack a dull boy. The university is calling for your help in sitting a recreation park which will help the mental development of students.mr president sir; do you care to know that a federal university of ours cannot boast of a standard football pitch? Mr. President Sir, the need for a residence for the staff of the university is pivotal. A piece of undeveloped land has been acquired some years back, but due to lack of funds, the piece of land remains undeveloped ,much to our embarrassment and discomfort of our staff. We thank you sir ,that you make a special allocation of housing unit to this university, with its rural setting in order to bring about a much needed relief to the various categories of the toiling staff of the university. We on our parts are doing our best .you will find out that in spite of our difficulties, and all odds, this university has made substantial contributions to the progress of this nation generally. We have produced high-level and skilled manpower among who are making waves around the globe. Our graduate stands at two thousand (2000) students per annum.
Moreover, a postgraduate training course is in course to start in the next few months which when completed will help face challenges of your administration.mr president sir, it will interest you to know that as a university of agriculture, food mechanization is our top priority to meet one of your 7-point agenda which is agriculture. Our agricultural mechanization programme will kick off in earnest which when completed will assist to check mate food sustainability. We as a university community ask that you help us through appropriate funding, to make good job of our assignment which we consider very important for this country.
In conclusion and on behalf of the governing council of this university and its senate, I want to thank you Mr. President, for the great honor you have done to this university through this visit of yours. The unavoidable presence of the chairman of our council, Mr. R.K. OGUNBOYO Is deeply felt but his apologies to you I convey and to pledge on his behalf the support and good wishes of himself, the Governing council and the senate of this university.
Finally Mr. president, your excellencies, honorable ministers and commissioners, your lordships, honorable members of houses, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, I thank you for your patience and interest you have shown in the fortunes of this university which by its noble ideas, symbolizes the sustainer of our agricultural need of food security.
Professor Kalu Bright Okeke (F.ENG)
VICE-CHANCELLOR
career choice
Definitions of career;
There are many scholastic definition for career, they include;
Ø The particular occupation for which you are trained and specialize on. examples include teaching, footballing, cooking, entertainer etc.
Ø The general progression of your working or professional life;
Ø Career is a term defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as an individual's "course or progress through life (or a distinct portion of life)".
Ø Career is a 1959 film drama about actor Sam Lawson (Tony Franciosa) bent on breaking into the big time at any cost, braving World War II, the Korean War and even the more recent blacklist, something that writer Dalton Trumbo knew all too well from being blacklisted himself.
Ø One's calling in life; a person's occupation; one's profession; An individual’s work and life roles over their lifespan; A jouster's path during a joust; To move rapidly straight ahead, especially in an uncontrolled way;
Ø A students general academic program. (Undergraduate, Graduate, Professional or Special)
Ø A chosen pursuit; a profession or occupation.
Ø FBLA (Future Business Leaders of America) Future Educators of America All course work a student has taken at the university within the context of a single academic record.
What is career counselling?
Ø It is the process or processes that guide a career man or woman to choose what he/she wants to do.
Who are career counsellors?
Ø These are resource personnels trained specifically to guide people towards choosing a carrer in life.
There are many scholastic definition for career, they include;
Ø The particular occupation for which you are trained and specialize on. examples include teaching, footballing, cooking, entertainer etc.
Ø The general progression of your working or professional life;
Ø Career is a term defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as an individual's "course or progress through life (or a distinct portion of life)".
Ø Career is a 1959 film drama about actor Sam Lawson (Tony Franciosa) bent on breaking into the big time at any cost, braving World War II, the Korean War and even the more recent blacklist, something that writer Dalton Trumbo knew all too well from being blacklisted himself.
Ø One's calling in life; a person's occupation; one's profession; An individual’s work and life roles over their lifespan; A jouster's path during a joust; To move rapidly straight ahead, especially in an uncontrolled way;
Ø A students general academic program. (Undergraduate, Graduate, Professional or Special)
Ø A chosen pursuit; a profession or occupation.
Ø FBLA (Future Business Leaders of America) Future Educators of America All course work a student has taken at the university within the context of a single academic record.
What is career counselling?
Ø It is the process or processes that guide a career man or woman to choose what he/she wants to do.
Who are career counsellors?
Ø These are resource personnels trained specifically to guide people towards choosing a carrer in life.
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